© 2007 Jeffrey R. Cox
(About the title: no, it’s not what you think. Get your mind out of the gutter!)
I’ve just finished reading Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway, by Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully. Again. I cannot overstate how excellent this book is. Best. World War II Book. Ever.
Leaving aside the nature of the engagement, it does feature a cameo by one of my favorite ships of the Pacific War, the Japanese heavy cruiser HIJMS Mogami.
I have a number of favorite ships from World War II. On the U.S. side, the most famous are probably the battleships Missouri, where the Japanese surrendered, and Arizona, whose destruction at Pearl Harbor became the visualization of why we fought.
But have you heard of the Enterprise? No, not the starship, or the space shuttle, or the nuclear aircraft carrier that used to have a control island that resembled one of Anna Nicole Smith’s breasts. I’m talking the World War II aircraft carrier, CV-6, which fought in every carrier battle in the Pacific War except for Coral Sea – and she didn’t fight there only because she was escorting the carrier Hornet to her famous raid on Tokyo with B-25 bombers.
How ‘bout the heavy cruiser Portland, “Sweet Pea,” who was a faithful consort to our carriers across the Pacific and held the line at the First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal and the Battle of Surigao Strait? The heavy cruiser Houston, who fought a hopeless campaign against the Japanese in Indonesia at the outset of the war? The destroyer Laffey? She fought in only one battle of note, the savage First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal where she was sunk by the Japanese battleship Hiei, but she may have saved the day for the outgunned Americans by machine gunning the Hiei’s bridge, killing her captain and wounding Japanese Admiral Abe, helping to convince him to withdraw.
On the Japanese side, though somewhat more obscure for the American audience, the superbattleship Yamato is the most famous, and justifiably so. She was a work of art. But I cannot forget other Nihon Kaigun ships, either. The battleships Fuso and Yamashiro were old and militarily useless, but they were beautiful, taking the Japanese trademark of the towering pagoda superstructure (oddly absent on the Yamatos) to such an extreme that if you put Fuso and Yamashiro side-by-side they resembled the World Trade Center.
There is also a nemesis of the US Navy, the heavy cruiser Chokai, Nihon Kaigun’s version of the Portland, except she had torpedoes and a giant bridge structure.
Then there is the Mogami, a fine cruiser who was well-handled and well-crewed, but whose record was not all the Japanese had hoped for.
Mogami was completed in 1935, at a time when the Japanese were allegedly bound by the London Naval Treaty of 1930. The treaty required cruisers to have a displacement no more than 10,000 tons. The Japanese weren’t real happy about this, so they tried a few tricks.
They tried to save weight by welding hull plates together instead of riveting them. In addition, Mogami was completed as a light cruiser, with 6-inch guns in 5 triple turrets. Even with these adjustments, Mogami came in at more than 13,000 tons. But foreign naval observers couldn’t very well weigh her, so they couldn’t prove anything. Still, they were suspicious.
But those welds came with a price. When Mogami fired her main armament, the welds along her sides popped. It was, not to put too fine a point on it, a bad thing. Back to the drawing board, where reinforcements to Mogami’s overloaded hull were designed and implemented.
Shortly before the war, Mogami had her turrets replaced. It seems that her turret rings were designed to accept a 6-inch triple turret or an 8-inch dual turret. The Japanese replaced the 6-inchers with the 8-inchers, and – Presto! – instant heavy cruiser. The 6-inch turrets were not discarded, but found their way to Yamato, where they served as secondary armament.
Mogami was the namesake of a class of four ships, the others were Mikuma, Kumano and Suzuya. All of which were converted to heavy cruisers as Mogami was. The Japanese had a habit of keeping ship classmates together, which they did with the Mogamis in Cruiser Division 7 (CruDiv 7). Yet Mogami was apparently never the flagship of the division. Maybe everyone remembered those welds popping.
Mogami went on to the Pacific War to compile a record that was, shall we say?, unique.
Mogami made her combat debut on the night of February 28, 1942, in what has been called the Battle of the Sunda Strait. To this day, what happened in that battle is unclear and the subject of debate.
What is clear, though, is that the forementioned USS Houston and the light cruiser HMAS Perth, desperately low on ammunition, were attempting to flee the defeat at the Battle of the Java Sea and the Indonesia, whose fall was imminent, by cutting through the Sunda Strait. They did not know that the Japanese had already begun landing troops in Bantam Bay, at the entrance to Sunda Strait. The bay was packed with transports unloading troops, guarded by only three Japanese destroyers. In the dark, Houston and Perth stumbled onto them.
The Japanese, fearing they were outgunned, called on nearby CruDiv 7 for help. CruDiv 7 was under the command of Rear Admiral Kurita Takeo, flying his flag in the cruiser Kumano. Showing the fortitude under fire that would make him so famous later in the war, Kurita decided to stay behind while having Mogami and Mikuma handle the situation. A destroyer division led by the light cruiser Natori also came in.
Houston and Perth fought gallantly by any measure, their heroics continue to live on in the annals of both the US and Royal Australian navies, but hopelessly outnumbered and out of ammunition they ultimately succumbed. So did four Japanese transports, including the one carrying the army general commanding the invasion, and a minesweeper. It would be nice to think those sinkings were the work of the Houston and Perth, and many histories give them the credit. The Japanese, impressed by their heroics, attempted to do so. And certainly the Houston and Perth were responsible for the sinkings. But those ships were sunk by torpedoes -- torpedoes fired by the Japanese that sped past their intended targets and into the bay filled with transports.
Who fired the torpedoes that sank the transports? No one is sure; it depends who you believe. Eric LaCroix and Linton Wells II believe it was the destroyer Fubuki.John Toland says it was the Mikuma. CombinedFleet.com asserts that it was the Mogami and the Fubuki.
Not an auspicious beginning, perhaps, but it had to get better. Right?
Mogami next shows up at the battle of Midway. In the confused and desperate effort to salvage the battle, on June 5, 1942, Admiral Yamamoto orders CruDiv 7 to bombard the Midway airfield in preparation for the invasion, but he changes his mind and orders Admiral Kurita and his charges to retire.
In the night, while CruDiv 7 is traveling in line-ahead formation, Kurita’s flagship Kumano spots the American submarine Tambor. Kumano sends up the alarm and Kurita orders a 45-degree echelon turn to port. Yet Kumano panics and turns too sharply. Suzuya, right behind it, makes the proper turn but has to swerve to starboard to avoid the Kumano. Mikuma, right behind Suzuya, makes the proper turn, but also has to swerve to avoid Kumano, this time to port.
Mogami, right behind Mikuma, makes the proper turn, but sees Kumano and Suzuya taking off without her, so she turns to starboard to match Suzuya’s course. She does not see Mikuma’s turn to port to avoid Kumano, does not see Mikuma at all until she is broadside dead ahead of her, with no time to avoid a collision. Mogami’s bow plows into Mikuma.
The damage to Mikuma is limited, with only an oil tank holed. But Mogami is sorely hurt. Her bow is crushed, losing some 40 feet of its length, and is bent almost perpendicularly to port in front of the No. 1 turret. As a result, her speed is roughly halved.
Once again showing the fortitude under fire that would make him so famous later in the war, Kurita decides to continue his flight and let his two damaged cruisers fend for themselves with only a pair of destroyers to help them, though in fairness to him he had American air power to worry about.
Which was proven in spades. Mogami and Mikuma got through June 5 all right, but on June 6, US aircraft, following an oil slick coming from Mikuma’s damaged oil tanks, arrive and subject the pair to a day-long battering. One bomb hit detonates Mikuma’s torpedoes and blows the aft half of the cruiser to perdition. Mikuma is abandoned and sinks sometime later. The cruiser is photographed in her death throes by a US pilot; the picture becomes one of the most famous images of World War II.
Japanese Mogami-class cruiser Mikuma, burning after the Battle of Midway. Mikuma was damaged in a collision with her sister ship Mogami. Later US air attacks detonated her aft torpedo stowage, destroying her mainmast, aft superstructure, aft half of her stack and most of the aft half of the ship. The torpedo mounts can be seen tained outwards, probably in a futile attempt to jettison the torpedoes. Salors can be seen at the stern abandoning ship.
Mogami is badly beaten up as well, but after the collision her damage control officer had jettisoned her torpedoes. A bomb hits the torpedo stowage, but the foresight of the damage control officer prevents a similar fate to Mikuma. Mogami is able to limp back to port. For all of the concern after her welds popped, she showed herself to be extremely resilient.
But while repairing all her damage, the Japanese decide they need another seaplane cruiser. Before the war, the Japanese had designed what were often called “seaplane cruisers” – heavy cruisers with their aft turrets removed so they could carry a lot of float planes – to act as reconnaissance support for their aircraft carriers. They already had two of them, the Tone-class cruisers Tone and Chikuma. For some reason they decided that they needed another one, even though Midway had shown that they didn’t do all that good a job, partly because the Japanese had assigned the wrong planes to the cruisers, and after Midway they had a lot fewer carriers to support. So Mogami was lengthened, her aft turrets removed, stowage spaces added, and she was converted to a seaplane cruiser.
But she didn’t serve with the carriers, though ultimately neither did Tone and Chikuma. At the Battle of Leyte Gulf, she was assigned to the First Striking Force, under the command of Kurita. But she was assigned to its Third Section (sometimes called “Force C”), and supposed to accompany the forementioned battleships Fuso and Yamashiro and four destroyers through the Surigao Strait, the southern entrance to Leyte Gulf. Mogami carried all of one floatplane. Third Section was under the command of Vice Admiral Nishimura Shoji, flying his flag in the Yamashiro.
Nishimura would go on to show the fortitude under fire that was so often found lacking in Kurita, but not necessarily the astuteness under fire. On October 25, 1944, Third Section tried to force the Surigao Strait in what became known as the Battle of the Surigao Strait. Nishimura's force was attacked by torpedo-firing US destroyers in the darkness – the US Navy had learned a lot about night time fighting in the Solomons – yet Nishimura took almost no evasive action. Their attacks were effective – they knocked out three destroyers and the battleship Fuso. In the Fuso’s case, she represented about half of Nishimura’s firepower. She was also positioned right behind Nishimura’s flagship Yamashiro, but not only did Nishimura not notice her being torpedoed and shearing out of line, he also apparently did not Fuso later exploding and breaking in two.
In any case, by the time they reached the US battleships blocking the entrance to Leyte Gulf, all that was left of Third Section was Mogami, the destroyer Shigure, and the battleship Yamashiro, which had sustained several torpedo hits. They didn’t stand a chance.
Yamashiro took an avalanche of shellfire from US battleships that had been raised from the mud at Pearl Harbor before turning around, only to be sunk by torpedoes from yet another group of US destroyers. Mogami and Shigure turned around to retreat as well, but in the process Mogami took a salvo from the forementioned Portland. One shell exploded on her bridge, killing her captain and executive officer. Other shells so badly damaged her engines and steering that she came close to stopping. But she didn’t stop.
Enter the rather optimistically named “Second Striking Force” under Vice Admiral Shima Kiyohide. Unlike Kurita’s mammoth First Striking Force, Second Striking Force was small, consisting only of three cruisers and four destroyers, and one of those cruisers had by this time been torpedoed by US PT boats. Shima had no information on what happened to Nishimura. He had seen only the blazing wreck of the Fuso (which he had mistaken for two burning battleships) the destroyer Shigure (who had told him nothing) and the burning and apparently adrift Mogami.
Still, Shima thought he was coming to Nishimura’s support. He saw two targets on his radar, such as it was, and decided to attack them with torpedoes. His two remaining cruisers, heavy cruisers Nachi and Ashigara, would turn to starboard to stay out of the glare of Mogami’s flames. They turned and fired their torpedoes. Only then did Nachi discover that Mogami wasn’t stopped, but was moving slowly southward, directly into Nachi’s path.
Nachi swerved to starboard, but her momentum carried her – she basically “skidded” – into Mogami. Nachi’s port bow was damaged and her speed reduced. Mogami was holed on the starboard side near the No. 1 turret above the waterline, but the impact may have unsettled some of the torpedoes, because some of them were detonated by the continuing fires, which disabled the starboard engine.
For the second time on the Pacific War, Mogami had collided with another ship. Once again, it had been in a combat zone.
(To add insult to injury, the radar contacts Nachi and Ashigara had attempted to attack turned out to be not US ships, but two islands.)
Neither would live to see home. Damaged Nachi was only able to make it to Manila, where she was sunk in spectacular fashion by air attack on November 5, 1944.
Mogami was further damaged by gunfire from the US cruisers Louisville, Portland and Denver, but she survives this attack, and even manages to drive off a PT attack, only to have her remaining engine break down after dawn. Helpless and immobile, she was attacked by US torpedo bombers and had to be scuttled.
Mogami was a remarkable ship, partially because of her ability to take incredible punishment. But also because of one simple fact:
Mogami was one of the few warships in history that had a hand in sinking more of her own ships than those of the enemy.