This is cool:
The cruiser HMS Exeter, best known for its valiant role in the Battle of the River Plate when it hunted down the pride of the German navy, the Admiral Graf Spee, was located by divers searching the Java Sea.
The British vessel was sunk on March 1, 1942, when, with two escorts, the destroyer HMS Encounter and the American destroyer Pope, it was intercepted by nine Japanese warships.
All three Allied ships were lost in the action. The wreck of Encounter, which had passed up a chance to escape by turning back in a brave but futile attempt to protect Exeter, has also now been located.
The two warships were found in Indonesian waters, at a depth of about 200ft, 90 miles north of Bawean Island, and 60 miles from the sinking position given by Exeter's captain, Oliver Gordon, in a book written after the war.
Exeter's discovery follows a six-year search and means the last of the Second World War's most celebrated warships sunk in the conflict has now been located.
Examinations of the wreck have provided historians with vital new insights into the ship's final battle, one of the war's least known naval encounters.
The divers, for instance, found many of its guns were at low elevation, indicating how close in the Japanese ships had got, and the extent to which Exeter was encircled and outgunned.
They also discovered the extent of the damage to the ship, testimony not only to the ferocity of fire it faced in its final moments but also to its remarkable resilience and ability to withstand enemy attacks that had served it well in its monumental battle against the Graf Spee earlier in the war.
In December 1939, Exeter had been part of the "hunting group" of three Allied warships that cornered the larger, more powerful Graf Spee off the coast of South America.
Exeter took the brunt of Graf Spee's salvoes, drawing fire away from the cruiser Ajax and the New Zealand cruiser Achilles, which were fitted with less armour.
More than 60 of Exeter's crew were killed and 33 wounded as it was hit more than 100 times in 22 minutes. After sustaining serious damage, Exeter was forced to withdraw.
However, one of its shells was able to exact some retribution. So while Exeter limped to the Falkland Islands for repairs, the damaged Graf Spee, unable to outrun its pursuers, headed into the neutral Uruguayan port of Montevideo.
Misled by the British about the number of ships now waiting, the Graf Spee's captain, Hans Langsdorff, scuttled his ship outside the harbour. Its sinking was an important propaganda success for Britain and the country's first victory of the war.
It also removed a lethal threat to the Allies' merchant ships and allowed warships to be deployed elsewhere.
Exeter underwent an extensive refit and was later sent to the Far East.
On February 27, 1942, it was badly damaged in the Battle of the Java Sea, the largest surface engagement since Jutland in the First World War. It was ordered to a friendly port for repairs with its two escorts, but they were intercepted by a much larger Japanese fleet.
In the ensuing action, called the Second Battle of Java, Exeter was damaged by gunfire and a torpedo. It lost power and was finally scuttled by its crew.
From HMS Exeter, about 50 were killed, while 650 were made prisoners of war. Of these, 152 would die in Japanese PoW camps. About eight of HMS Encounter's crew were killed, and 149 were made prisoner, of whom 38 would die in captivity. The wreck of the Pope, on which one crew member was killed, has yet to be found.
As you know, the 1942 Netherlands East Indies Campaign has always been one of my favorite historical topics. if you think the Iraq War was bad you haven't read about early World War II in the Pacific. Defeat after defeat after defeat for the US, British, Australians and Dutch.
At some point, I will do a major post on the Battle of the Java Sea and its aftermath, but I will try to give you a sense of what happened to the
Exeter.
The Allies (who had combined their forces in what was called the American, British, Ducth and Australian Command -- ABDACOM) had made a last ditch attempt to stop the Japanese invasion of the last holdout island in the Netherlands East Indies -- Java. The result was the
Battle of the Java Sea on February 27, 1942, a disastrous defeat for the Allies. There was no saving Java now. The best the Allies could hope for was to salvage their few remaining forces and escape the Malay Barrier. Easier said than done, becauee the Japanese were closing off the routes out of the Indies.
The
Exeter had escaped the Battle of the Java Sea with serious engine damage; the tide of battle turned against the Allies when the
Exeter took a hit in her engine room from the Japanese heavy cruiser
Haguro that reduced her speed to 12 knots. She had made her way to the Dutch port of Soerabaja (Surabaya). But her engines could not be made entirely operable; her top speed would be 23 knots.
The Allied command grouped
Exeter with another survivor of the Jave Sea battle, the British destroyer
Encounter, and the US destroyer
Pope, who had missed the battle due to a breakdown in her boilers. (In the Dutch East Indies Campaign, the Allies were snakebit by an unusually large number of operational acccidents and serious mechanical breakdowns.)
Their orders were to loiter in the Java Sea south of Borneo and make a dash through the Sunda Strait on the western end of Java towards the Indian Ocean and freedom. It wasn't a very good plan, but the alternative was going through the Bali or Bandoeng/Lombok straits east of Java. Both bodies of water were thought to be too shallow for the
Exeter and too close to Japanese airfields.
But loitering in the Java Sea with complete Japanese command of the air was hardly better. The
Exeter and her group were spotted on the morning of March 1. Japanese Admiral Takagi Takeo, the victor of the Battle of the Java Sea (almost in spite of himself), was west of the
Exeter's position and moved to intercept with his heavy cruisers
Nachi and
Haguro and two destroyers. Takagi was concerned about his ammunition supply, mostly depleted during the previous day's battle, so he kept watch with float planes while calling for reinforcements.
Those reinforcements came in the form of the heavy cruisers
Ashigara and
Myoko and two destroyers. Once O.L. Gordon, the captain of the
Exeter and OTC for the Allied force, saw the two new cruisers, he reversed course to the east.
Ashigara and
Myoko gave chase on a converging course.
Nachi and
Haguro did likewise, assuming a converging course from the south. Both groups of Japanese cruisers looking to pinch the fleeing Allied ships, and with the
Exeter limited to 23 knots, the Japanese slowly gained ground.
Outgunned, the Allies tried to fight back.
Pope and
Encounter expended their torpedoes trying to drive off their tormentors. Exeter tried to fight them off with her main armament, but her gun director was damaged, making aiming difficult, and her gunfire was ineffective. Finally, the Japanese scored a hit on
Exeter's engine room (again) that resulted in an almost complete loss of power.
With her speed reduced to 4 knots, escape was hopeless. Gordon ordered his escorting destroyers to flee. The
Exeter was surrounded by the Japanese, who kept up a relentless pounding with gunfire. The
Exeter's wreck, with the low elevation of the guns, confirmed just how close the Japanese were, and how the
Exeter's 8-inch rifles were engaged in a direct fire shootout as the end approached. With the situation hopeless, Gordon ordered the cruiser scuttled. The flood walves were opened just before the Japanese hit
Exeter with a finishing torpedo.

A rather famous photograph symbolic of the dreary Allied fortunes in early 1942: British cruiser Exeter sinking in the Java Sea on March 1, 1942. Taken from a Japanese float plane.
Encounter, who was was very close by during this whole, um, encounter, didn't get too far, and she too succumbed to fire from the Ashigara and Myoko.The ordeal of the Pope, further away from the Exeter than Encounter, was heart-breaking.Under the able seamanship of her CO, W.C. Blinn, the Pope made a game attempt at escape to the east. Ashigara and Myoko gave chase. Normally, even an old destroyer like the Pope would have a good chance to outrunning a cruiser, but the Pope had a few issues.
The destroyer was old, of World War I vintage, and didn't really even look like the destroyers of the World War II era, with her four stacks and lack of armor for her main guns. The pace of the actions in the Indies, the lack of repair facilities and constant Japanese air raids had denied essential maintenance to the Allied ships, which came with a steep price. For Pope, part of that price had come when she sprung a leak in her hot well, which provided feed water to her boilers. She had to stay in Soerabaja to repair the leak, under threat of Japanese air raids, and was unable to join the Allied forces in time for the Java sea battle. More breakdowns would come.
Takagi's request for reinforcements also netted him some additional air power. His cruiser float planes -- the decisive factor in the Battle of the Java Sea -- kept tabs on the Pope and directed gunfire from the Ashigara and Myoko. But now these float planes were joined by seaplanes from the tender Chitose and even bombers from the light carrier Ryujo.
Pope's flight was hampered when a firewall collapsed, necessitating shutdown of one of her boilers. Chitose's aicraft took to bombing the destroyer. The Pope tried to fend off this new threat, but her lone 3-inch antiaircraft gun failed, leaving only her less effective machine guns.
Still, Pope's maneuvering and antiaircraft fire was not ineffective. Chitose's planes did not score a hit on the Pope with their bombs, but they might as well have.
One bomb exploded close off the port side. The concussion ruptured the Pope's hull and caused flooding. Worse, the concussion also knocked the port propeller shaft out of line, the extreme vibration necessitating its shutdown. Pope's speed was cut in half and she became sluggish to the helm.
Aircraft from the Ryujo made their bombing attack, but expert handling by Blinn resulted in the Pope not sustaining any hits, in spite of her gravely weakened state. But the flooding continued -- damage control could not contain it without cutting speed further, which would enable the Ashigara and Myoko to overtake the destroyer easily. As it was, with her speed cut in half, the two cruisers were already gaining.
Seeing that the Pope could not be saved, Blinn ordered the destroyer scuttled. The flood valves were opened and two demolition charges set. As the crew abandoned ship, the Ashigara and Myoko arrived and took the Pope under shellfire.
The US destroyer
Pope sinking by the stern in the Java Sea March 1, 1942 under gunfire from the Japanese cruisers Ashigara and Myoko. Note the four stacks, characteristic of the World War I-era class of destroyers of which Pope was a member. Taken from the Japanese cruiser Ashigara, who filmed the action.
The
Pope sank at 2:10 pm, the last Allied ship sunk in the Java Sea. As the story states, the wreck of the
Pope has not yet been located.